Music used 15 keys, similar to modern keys.
Scale used syllables do, re, mi, fa, so, la {solmization syllable}, in ascending order. Halftone is between mi and fa, and whole tones are between others. ti or si and higher do came later.
He lived 995 to 1050, wrote masses and Gregorian chants, and invented clef.
He lived 1087 to 1127 and composed troubadour love poetry and music.
He lived 1135 to 1201 and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added second descant part above the Gregorian chant and so composed organum polyphonic music. He developed chant-note rhythm and time notation.
He lived 1160 to 1203, was Leonin's student, and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added two more voices {triplum voice} {quadruplum voice} above chant and renamed descant {duplum voice}.
Bishop of Meaux lived 1291 to 1361 and developed four prolation time signatures.
He lived 1300 to 1346 and developed minstrels.
He lived 1330 to 1397, wrote madrigals, ballato, and cacia, and began the Landini cadence.
He lived 1400 to 1474 and first used thirds, sixths, and false bass.
He lived 1470 to 1525 and composed Mannerist frottole.
He lived 1470 to 1535 and composed Mannerist frottole.
He lived 1440 to 1521. He composed Renaissance motets that used paired voices and followed text in both rhythm and phrasing.
He lived 1490 to 1562 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1475 to 1552 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1490 to 1545 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1504 to 1568 and composed Mannerist madrigals.
He lived 1532 to 1594, composed masses, motets, and choral music, and invented cross-relation.
He lived 1528 to 1591 and composed Baroque monodic works.
He lived 1520 to 1578 and perfected violins [1564], labeling them Amadus or Andreas Amatus and using varnish with amber color. His sons, Antonio Amati and Girolamo Amati, used Antonius Amatus and Hieronymus Amatus. Girolamo Amati's son Niccolò Amati [1596 to 1684] built the best ones [1645], labeling them Nicolaus Amatus. His students were Antonio Stradivari, Andrea Guarneri, and his son Girolamo Amati [1649 to 1740].
He lived 1524 to 1594 and composed masses, motets, and choral music.
He lived 1553 to 1599 and composed Mannerist madrigals with five voices.
He lived 1566 to 1613 and composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals.
He lived 1557 to 1612 and used contrasting pitch and color.
He lived 1585 to 1672 and composed Baroque bel canto.
He lived 1595 to 1665 and composed Baroque and rococo sonatas.
He lived 1605 to 1674 and composed Baroque cantatas.
He lived 1571 to 1630 and composed Baroque sonatas using violin.
He lived 1582 to 1652 and composed masses.
He lived 1598 to 1653 and composed Baroque cantatas.
He lived 1616 to 1667 and composed Baroque harpsichord concertos.
He lived 1637 to 1707 and composed organ chorales, preludes, cantatas, oratorios, and sonatas. He used old notation {organ tablature}.
He lived 1660 to 1725 and composed Italian overtures, da capo arias, operas, cantatas, oratorios, and masses.
He lived 1653 to 1713 and composed sonatas.
He lived 1653 to 1706.
He lived 1685 to 1750 and composed Baroque polyphonic works.
He lived 1644 to 1737 and perfected violin, which he signed Antonius Stravidarius.
He lived 1668 to 1733.
He lived 1683 to 1764.
He lived 1678 to 1741.
He lived 1671 to 1750. He wrote oboe concertos.
He lived 1685 to 1757 and developed Baroque da capo arias and Italian overtures.
He lived 1719 to 1787.
He lived 1737 to 1791.
He lived 1732 to 1809.
He lived 1770 to 1827.
He lived 1797 to 1828 and composed lied.
He lived 1782 to 1840 and composed violin music.
He lived 1810 to 1849 and composed preludes, waltzes, nocturnes, and polonaises.
He lived 1809 to 1847.
He lived 1765 to 1833.
He lived 1810 to 1856.
He lived 1811 to 1886 and composed symphonies and tone poems.
He lived 1804 to 1849.
He lived 1829 to 1894.
He lived 1825 to 1899 and composed operettas.
He lived 1835 to 1921 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1843 to 1907.
He lived 1833 to 1897.
He lived 1841 to 1904.
He lived 1824 to 1884.
He lived 1840 to 1893.
He lived 1839 to 1881.
He lived 1844 to 1908.
He lived 1822 to 1890.
He lived 1833 to 1887.
He lived 1845 to 1924.
He lived 1844 to 1908 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1867 to 1957.
He lived 1860 to 1911 and composed nine symphonies.
He lived 1866 to 1925.
He lived 1873 to 1916 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1862 to 1918, was Impressionist, and used pentatonic and six-tone whole-tone scales.
He lived 1865 to 1957.
He lived 1873 to 1943.
He lived 1824 to 1896 and composed nine symphonies and string quartet.
He lived 1851 to 1931 and founded the Schola Cantorum early-music school [1894] in Paris as alternative to the Paris Conservatory.
He lived 1872 to 1915.
He lived 1857 to 1934.
He lived 1874 to 1951 and used tone-row technique.
He lived 1872 to 1958.
He lived 1875 to 1937.
He lived 1874 to 1954.
He lived 1882 to 1967.
He lived 1883 to 1945.
He lived 1860 to 1941.
He lived 1882 to 1971 and used serial technique.
He lived 1881 to 1945.
He lived 1876 to 1973.
He lived 1879 to 1936.
He lived 1891 to 1953.
He lived 1876 to 1946.
He lived 1892 to 1974.
He lived 1875 to 1959.
He lived 1882 to 1973 and composed eight string quartets.
He lived 1892 to 1972.
He lived 1892 to 1955 and composed five symphonies.
He lived 1895 to 1963.
He lived 1887 to 1959.
He lived 1883 to 1965.
He lived 1906 to 1975 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1893 to 1987.
He lived 1903 to 1989.
He lived 1894 to 1976.
He lived 1893 to 1981 and composed electronic music.
He lived 1898 to 1979.
He lived 1900 to 1990.
He lived 1910 to 1981.
He lived 1887 to 1982.
He lived 1917 to 2003.
He lived 1901 to 1999.
He lived 1882 to 1977.
He lived 1903 to 1978.
He lived 1901 to 1980.
He lived 1899 to 1978 and composed Native American music.
He lived 1902 to 1983 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1916 to 1999.
He lived 1896 to 1989 and composed symphonies and opera.
He lived 1901 to 1974 and used the 43-tone scale.
He lived 1901 to 1987.
He lived 1885 to 1957.
He lived 1912 to 1992 and composed electronic music.
He lived 1910 to 1992 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1904 to 1975 and composed operas and choral music in 12-tone technique.
He lived 1899 to 1963 and composed symphonies.
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He lived 1925 to ?.
He lived 1934 to 1999.
He lived 1903 to 1993. Flamenco.
He lived 1899 to 1985.
He lived 1896 to 1985 and composed symphonies.
He lived 1924 to 1994 and composed electronic music.
Opera began in Count Bordi's house.
He lived 1561 to 1633.
Emasculated singers were first used to obtain high male voice {castrati}.
He lived 1567 to 1643, composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals, and began stile concitato in opera.
He lived 1659 to 1695.
He lived 1685 to 1759 and used arias.
He lived 1714 to 1787 and used drama in opera seria.
He lived 1756 to 1791. His operas had finales.
He lived 1792 to 1868.
He lived 1786 to 1826.
He lived 1803 to 1869.
He lived 1801 to 1835.
He lived 1797 to 1848.
He lived 1804 to 1857.
He lived 1813 to 1901.
He lived 1813 to 1883. Operas had leitmotifs and chromaticism, with continuous melody, no melodic or poetic repetitions, and no separate arias or recitativas.
He lived 1819 to 1895.
He lived 1812 to 1883.
He lived 1818 to 1893.
He lived 1819 to 1880.
He lived 1838 to 1875.
He lived 1834 to 1886.
He lived 1842 to 1912.
He lived 1863 to 1945.
He lived 1858 to 1919.
He lived 1854 to 1921.
He lived 1858 to 1924.
He lived 1867 to 1948.
He lived 1864 to 1949 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1854 to 1928.
He lived 1873 to 1921 and sang opera music.
He lived 1885 to 1935 and composed symphonies and operas.
He lived 1900 to 1991.
She lived 1904 to 1976.
She lived 1895 to 1962.
He lived 1913 to 1976.
She lived 1898 to 1992.
He lived 1911 to ?.
She lived 1923 to 1977.
She lived 1934 to ?.
She lived 1927 to ?.
He lived 1935 to ?.
He lived 1941 to ?.
He lived 1946 to ?.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225